03067nas a2200145 4500008004100000245015700041210006900198490000700267520239900274653011602673100002002789700001402809700001502823856008302838 2011 eng d00aHigh epizoochorous specialization and low DNA sequence divergence in Mediterranean Cynoglossum (Boraginaceae): Evidence from fruit traits and ITS region0 aHigh epizoochorous specialization and low DNA sequence divergenc0 v603 a

Fruit morpho-anatomy and DNA sequence diversity in Euro-Mediterranean taxa of Cynoglossum and the closely
related genera Solenanthus and Pardoglossum were analysed to assess the structural traits that promote dispersal through
transport via the fur of mammals, and to evaluate the phylogenetic value of carpological variation in the group. Electron and
light microscopy showed striking epizoochorous adaptations in characters of the pluricellular projections of the epicarp (glo-
chids), such as multiple apical hooks, conical shape, and finely tuberculate surface, as well as the heavy mineralization of the
cell walls with especially silicon and calcium revealed by X-ray microanalysis. The attachment potential of nutlets to sheep
fleece, estimated through a General Linear Model, was species-specific and relatively high in the taxa with small and light
diaspores (> 60%). ITS sequences from 29 specific and infraspecific accessions were poorly variable, with pairwise genetic
distances ranging from 0.002 to 0.097 (mean 0.044). A comparative analysis of ITS sequence diversity in relation to the differ-
ent dispersal strategies in the four main Boraginaceae tribes revealed substantially higher levels of variation and interspecific
genetic distances in the non-epizoochorous groups, including the Cynoglosseae genera Myosotis and Omphalodes. Bayesian and
maximum parsimony tree construction suggested paraphyly of Cynoglossum due to the nested position of Solenanthus apen-
ninus and Pardoglossum. Species-level relationships remained largely unresolved, preventing an estimation of the phylogenetic
significance of fruit characters. Rapid spread across the Mediterranean region via epizoochory by wild mammals is possibly
the primary cause for the lack of genetic divergence among species. During the Holocene, nomadic and transhumant pasture
by domesticated herbivores has likely contributed to further spreading and mixing of previously isolated taxa, possibly causing
events of homoploid hybridization and introgression. More variable molecular markers should be tested to better understand
the impact of these processes in the evolutionary history of Cynoglossum and to solve relationships within Cynoglosseae.

 

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