02196nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001400041245012500055210006900180300000900249490000800258520156100266653002201827653002401849653002601873100002201899700002201921856007101943 2018 eng d a0367-253000aFlowers of Halgania (Ehretiaceae, Boraginales) are set up for being buzzed and the role of intertwining anther trichomes0 aFlowers of Halgania Ehretiaceae Boraginales are set up for being a7-150 v2403 aFlowers that release their powdery pollen by being vibrated through buzzing are morphologically diverse and have evolved many times independently. Most prominently, buzz-pollination is known from Solanum (Solanaceae) defining the “solanoid” flower type by Knut Fægri. The flowers of buzz-pollinated, Australian Halgania resemble the actinomorphic Solanum floral architecture: The plants have a yellow anther cone with an apical pore, protruding from a widely funnel-shaped to rotate, blue to violet corolla. However, Fægri rejected the solanoid flower type for some of the Halgania species due to a contracted inflorescence, a funnel-shaped corolla or an ostensible lack of a female stage. Using light and scanning electron microscopy, we investigated traits referring to the floral architecture of Halgania and compared the flowers of different species. In all investigated species the anthers of the cone are connected via long, intertwined trichomes (denoted “capillinection”) both between the individual anthers and in the central stylar channel. The anther opening is functionally reduced to an apical pore by 1) capillinection and spatial compression of the thecal walls, leaving only small apical slits and 2) by anther appendages that unify the ten slits to a single pore. Halgania flowers are morphologically similar to each other and are buzz-pollinated. We conclude that they are all structurally and functionally matching the flowers of tomato, Solanum lycopersicum, and thus the concept of solanoid flowers as defined by Knut Fægri.10aFloral sonication10aPollinator guidance10aVibratile pollination1 aHolstein, Norbert1 aGottschling, Marc uhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S036725301733404700442nas a2200133 4500008004100000245008800041210006900129300001400198490000800212100001300220700001300233700001500246856004700261 2003 eng d00aLeaf anatomy and foliar trichomes in Heliotropiaceae and their systematic relevance0 aLeaf anatomy and foliar trichomes in Heliotropiaceae and their s a468–4850 v1981 aDiane, N1 aJacob, C1 aHilger, HH uhttps://boraginales.myspecies.info/node/8100465nas a2200121 4500008004100000245013000041210006900171300001200240490000800252100002100260700001500281856004700296 1988 eng d00aDie Embryogenese von Microparacaryum intermedium und die embryologische Klassifizierung der Boraginaceae nach Souèges0 aDie Embryogenese von iMicroparacaryum intermediumi und die embry a45–590 v1811 aBriechle, Monika1 aHilger, HH uhttps://boraginales.myspecies.info/node/8501219nas a2200145 4500008004100000245020600041210007000247300001400317490000800331520065200339100001500991700000501006700001501011856004701026 1993 eng d00aEnergiedispersive Röntgenmikroanalyse (EDX) von Boraginaceae subfam. Boraginoideae - Klausenoberflachen. Sind Silicium- und Calcium - Einlagerungen in die Fruchtwand systematisch verwertbare Merkmale?0 aEnergiedispersive Röntgenmikroanalyse EDX von Boraginaceae subfa a387–3980 v1883 a

Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX) was used to investigate surfaces of Boraginoideae nutlets with regard to their content and ratios of silicon (Si) and calcium (Ca), respectively. Deposition takes place very short prior to full maturity. Potassium (K) is a third always detectible element.
It is not possible to associate species to a tribe only with respect to different element contents. Morphology and sculpturing of nutlets play a more important role. The Lithospermeae which exhibit the most elaborate pericarp anatomy have a hight amount of Ca deposition in the lumina of the cells of the outermost mesocarp layer.

1 aHilger, HH1 a1 aHofmann, M uhttps://boraginales.myspecies.info/node/5700454nas a2200109 4500008004100000245015000041210006900191300001400260490000800274100001500282856004700297 1987 eng d00aFruchtbiologische Untersuchungen an Heliotropioideae (Boraginaceae). I. Die Ontogenie der monospermen Früchte von Heliotropium supinum L.0 aFruchtbiologische Untersuchungen an Heliotropioideae Boraginacea a291–3030 v1791 aHilger, HH uhttps://boraginales.myspecies.info/node/6702967nas a2200205 4500008004100000245010000041210006900141300001400210490000800224520235900232653001702591653001902608653001102627653001602638100001702654700001402671700001702685700001202702856004702714 2012 eng d00aFlower morphology, nectar traits and pollinators of Cerinthe major (Boraginaceae-Lithospermeae)0 aFlower morphology nectar traits and pollinators of Cerinthe majo a186–1960 v2073 a

In April and May 2010, a natural population of Cerinthe major (Boraginaceae-Lithospermeae) was investigated with regard to: floral morphology, phenology, sexual receptivity during anthesis, the production of nectar and its sugar and amino acid content. The pollinator array of this species was also investigated. Cerinthe major has showy, pentamerous, hermaphroditic flowers with a deep yellow corolla tube arranged on numerous scorpioid inflorescences. Nectar and pollen are the main floral rewards for pollinators. The arrangement of stamens limits access to nectar and promotes pollen loading onto pollinator bodies as they force their way towards the source of nectar. By limiting the direct exposure of nectar to the environment, the corolla tube and the arrangement of anther filaments seemingly protect nectar from evaporation resulting from high temperatures and low relative humidity during flower anthesis. The green, annular nectary located at the base of the ovary lobes is composed of a very thin epidermis enclosing a dense mass of parenchyma. The epidermis lacks stomata, and the thin cuticle has an irregular surface. The parenchyma cells do not store starch during the pre-secretory stage, suggesting that immediate photosynthesis is the most likely source of nectar carbohydrates. Generally, anthesis lasts 4–5 days; the gynoecium becomes fully receptive on the second day and this is synchronous with anther dehiscence. Since nectar production begins during the bud stage, a substantial volume is available for flower visitors at anthesis. Nectar production decreases drastically in senescent flowers and, if not consumed, the nectar can be re-absorbed. Analysis of sugars revealed a sucrose-dominant nectar (sucrose = 93.18 ± 1.35%). Proline, GABA, taurine, leucine, citrulline and alanine were the main amino acids present and are probably implicated in pollinator flight performance. The bees Bombus hortorum, Anthophora sp. and Eucera sp. were constant and frequent visitors of C. major flowers. Moreover, the manner in which they interacted with the flower in order to obtain nectar and pollen loads was sufficient evidence for their role as pollinators. Their different foraging behaviours suggest that each species may promote differences in pollen flow both within and among individuals of the population.

10aBoraginaceae10aCerinthe major10anectar10apollinators1 aNocentini, D1 aPacini, E1 aGuarnieri, M1 aNepi, M uhttps://boraginales.myspecies.info/node/29