01717nas a2200253 4500008004100000245016200041210006900203300001600272490000800288520089100296653001101187653001701198653002001215653003501235653002801270653001701298653001901315653001601334100002201350700001301372700001501385700001601400856004701416 2004 eng d00aTesting hypotheses on disjunctions present in the primarily woody Boraginales: Ehretiaceae, Cordiaceae, and Heliotropiaceae, inferred from ITS1 sequence data0 aTesting hypotheses on disjunctions present in the primarily wood aS123–S1350 v1653 a

Hypotheses on the origin of the current distribution patterns and bicontinental disjunctions of Cordiaceae, Ehretiaceae, and Heliotropiaceae (Primarily Woody Boraginales) are tested by pairwise comparison of Kimura two-parameter distances. Estimated absolute dates of fossils and geological events (plate tectonics, climate changes) were used to calibrate a molecular clock. A mid-Cretaceous origin of the Primarily Woody Boraginales is proposed with an initial diversification in South America. Plate tectonics appear to play a minor role in their phylogeography. Most disjunctions are best explained by the rare events of long-distance dispersal because of the widespread occurrence of drupaceous fruits and their potential for endozoochoria. Furthermore, migrations and extinctions might have played a considerable role in the formation of the current distribution patterns.

10a{ITS1}10adistribution10adivergence rate10aKimura two-parameter distances10along-distance dispersal10apaleoclimate10aphylogeography10avicariance.1 aGottschling, Marc1 aDiane, N1 aHilger, HH1 aWeigend, M. uhttps://boraginales.myspecies.info/node/7901409nas a2200145 4500008004100000245004700041210004700088300001400135490000800149520101200157100001301169700001501182700001901197856004701216 2002 eng d00aTransfer cells in the seeds of Boraginales0 aTransfer cells in the seeds of Boraginales a155–1640 v1403 a

The presence of transfer cells (TCs) in the seeds of Boraginales (Boraginaceae s.s., Hydrophyllaceae, Heliotropiaceae, Ehretiaceae, Cordiaceae and Lennoaceae) has been reported but has not hitherto been studied systematically. This study, surveying the seed anatomy of 50 species of Boraginales, demonstrates that in Heliotropiaceae, Cordiaceae, Ehretiaceae and Lennoaceae, TCs are found in an uninterrupted course from the placenta via the funicle to the seed coat. These families are characterized by indehiscent fruits with a protective endocarp. The TCs may act as a sponge, thus promoting rapid germination when sufficient water is available. In Hydrophyllaceae, which have capsular fruits, TCs are often found but have a different structure and are restricted to the seed coat. Boraginaceae s.s. on the other hand are characterized by a complete absence of TCs in their seeds. The presence of TCs in seeds is considered as a synapomorphic trait and appears to be phylogenetically informative.

1 aDiane, N1 aHilger, HH1 aGottschling, M uhttps://boraginales.myspecies.info/node/8000442nas a2200133 4500008004100000245008800041210006900129300001400198490000800212100001300220700001300233700001500246856004700261 2003 eng d00aLeaf anatomy and foliar trichomes in Heliotropiaceae and their systematic relevance0 aLeaf anatomy and foliar trichomes in Heliotropiaceae and their s a468–4850 v1981 aDiane, N1 aJacob, C1 aHilger, HH uhttps://boraginales.myspecies.info/node/8102073nas a2200133 4500008004100000245009600041210006900137300001200206490000800218520163800226100001501864700001301879856004701892 2003 eng d00aA systematic analysis of Heliotropiaceae (Boraginales) based on trnL and ITS1 sequence data0 asystematic analysis of Heliotropiaceae Boraginales based on trnL a19–510 v1253 a

The infrafamilial relationships of Heliotropiaceae (Boraginaceae subfam. Heliotropioideae according to traditional systems) are reevaluated using molecular data of nuclear ITS1 (86 species) and plastidal trn LUAA intron (66 species) sequences. The results obtained from our investigations show that traditional generic limits warrant adjustment. Heliotropiaceae fall into two large clades. The first clade includes, in basal position, the genus Ixorhea . The genus Myriopus (formerly Tournefortia sect. Cyphocyema) is sister to Euploca (formerly Hilgeria, Schleidenia, Heliotropium sect. Orthostachys). The remaining sections of Heliotropium, Tournefortia sect. Tournefortia and the three small genera Argusia, Ceballosia, and Nogalia, segregated from Heliotropium, constitute the second large clade. Argusia, Ceballosia, and Nogalia cluster within clades of Heliotropium and therefore are reincluded in this genus. Within Heliotropium, the species of former Tournefortia sect. Tournefortia represent a lineage of tropical New World Heliotropium species, growing in humid environments, whereas all other Heliotropium species are found in semi-arid habitats. Before new combinations in the genus Heliotropium are made for "Tournefortia", the exact relationship within New World Heliotropium needs to be resolved, and a revision of "Tournefortia" is inevitable. We advocate maintaining the genus Tournefortia, which is easily defined, and we conclude that under this definition the genus Heliotropium is paraphyletic. Five genera are thus accepted; 22 new combinations within Heliotropiaceae are presented.

1 aHilger, HH1 aDiane, N uhttps://boraginales.myspecies.info/node/60