02119nas a2200253   4500008004100000022001400041245009000055210006900145300000700214490000600221520132900227653001501556653001501571653001701586653001601603653002801619653001501647653003701662653003101699100002101730700002201751700001601773856007601789       2017                        eng d  a2296-701X00aBiogeographic events are not correlated with diaspore dispersal modes in Boraginaceae0 aBiogeographic events are not correlated with diaspore dispersal   a260 v53 a<p>Long-distance dispersal seems to be the main biogeographic event responsible for intriguing distribution patterns in plant groups in which sister taxa are separated by thousands of kilometers of distance across oceans and continents. The biotic and abiotic mechanisms behind such dispersal events are poorly understood and many attempts have been made to explain how plants can manage to disperse and survive these long journeys. The biogeographic history of Boraginaceae, a subcosmopolitan plant family with many disjunct clades, is here addressed and analyzed in the context of the different dispersal modes exhibited by the species. The lack of a clear pattern between the main dispersal events in Boraginaceae and the phylogenetic distribution of the dispersal modes indicates that no single dispersal mechanism can be associated with the events of dispersal in the family. Moreover, adaptations to different dispersal agents and unassisted dispersal modes in some clades might have promoted the diversification of Boraginaceae in various habitats across several continents. Our study reveals that long-distance dispersal is a very complex process that needs to be analyzed in the context of climatic and environmental changes and the response of plants and their dispersal vectors to these variable conditions.</p>
10aanemochory10aAtelechory10aEndozoochory10aEpizoochory10along-distance dispersal10anautochory10aPaleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum10astochastic mapping methods1 aChacón, Juliana1 aLuebert, Federico1 aWeigend, M.  uhttp://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fevo.2017.00026/abstract02585nas a2200265   4500008004100000022001400041245010700055210006900162300001400231490000700245520173400252653003401986653001702020653002802037653002102065653001502086653001802101100002202119700002802141700002202169700002402191700002202215700001602237856006602253       2017                        eng d  a1365-269900aHistorical biogeography of Boraginales: West Gondwanan vicariance followed by long-distance dispersal?0 aHistorical biogeography of Boraginales West Gondwanan vicariance  a158–1690 v443 a<p>Aim To examine the historical biogeography of the Boraginales using molecular dating and ancestral area reconstruction. Location World-wide. Methods We constructed data sets that included all major clades of Boraginales and all orders of asterids using previously published sequences of four plastid markers (trnL-trnF, rps16, ndhF, rbcL). We estimated divergence times using a Bayesian uncorrelated, lognormal relaxed clock approach with four different fossil calibration schemes. Ancestral areas were reconstructed using maximum likelihood methods (Dispersal-Extinction-Cladogenesis). Results Boraginales originated during the Early to Late Cretaceous and started its diversification in the Late Cretaceous. The inferred ancestral area of Boraginales includes the Americas and Africa. The two major clades of Boraginales diversified during the Early Paleogene from African and American ancestors respectively. Early branching families in both clades (Codonaceae and Wellstediaceae in one clade and Hydrophyllacee and Namaceae in the other) may have remained restricted to their areas of origin. The other families started diversifying in several regions of the world during the Eocene (Boraginaceae s.str., Heliotropiaceae, Ehretiaceae) or later (Cordiaceae). Main conclusions Molecular dating and ancestral area reconstruction may be broadly consistent with the idea of a vicariant origin of the two major clades of Boraginales after the break-up of West Gondwana, followed by several independent trans-oceanic dispersal events into most areas of the world. However, uncertainty in both divergence times and ancestral area reconstruction do not rule out the possibility of an origin involving long-distance dispersal.</p>
10aAncestral area reconstruction10aBoraginaceae10ahistorical biogeography10aMolecular dating10avicariance10aWest Gondwana1 aLuebert, Federico1 aCouvreur, Thomas, L. P.1 aGottschling, Marc1 aHilger, Hartmut, H.1 aMiller, James, S.1 aWeigend, M.  uhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jbi.12841/abstract