02585nas a2200265 4500008004100000022001400041245010700055210006900162300001400231490000700245520173400252653003401986653001702020653002802037653002102065653001502086653001802101100002202119700002802141700002202169700002402191700002202215700001602237856006602253 2017 eng d a1365-269900aHistorical biogeography of Boraginales: West Gondwanan vicariance followed by long-distance dispersal?0 aHistorical biogeography of Boraginales West Gondwanan vicariance a158–1690 v443 a

Aim To examine the historical biogeography of the Boraginales using molecular dating and ancestral area reconstruction. Location World-wide. Methods We constructed data sets that included all major clades of Boraginales and all orders of asterids using previously published sequences of four plastid markers (trnL-trnF, rps16, ndhF, rbcL). We estimated divergence times using a Bayesian uncorrelated, lognormal relaxed clock approach with four different fossil calibration schemes. Ancestral areas were reconstructed using maximum likelihood methods (Dispersal-Extinction-Cladogenesis). Results Boraginales originated during the Early to Late Cretaceous and started its diversification in the Late Cretaceous. The inferred ancestral area of Boraginales includes the Americas and Africa. The two major clades of Boraginales diversified during the Early Paleogene from African and American ancestors respectively. Early branching families in both clades (Codonaceae and Wellstediaceae in one clade and Hydrophyllacee and Namaceae in the other) may have remained restricted to their areas of origin. The other families started diversifying in several regions of the world during the Eocene (Boraginaceae s.str., Heliotropiaceae, Ehretiaceae) or later (Cordiaceae). Main conclusions Molecular dating and ancestral area reconstruction may be broadly consistent with the idea of a vicariant origin of the two major clades of Boraginales after the break-up of West Gondwana, followed by several independent trans-oceanic dispersal events into most areas of the world. However, uncertainty in both divergence times and ancestral area reconstruction do not rule out the possibility of an origin involving long-distance dispersal.

10aAncestral area reconstruction10aBoraginaceae10ahistorical biogeography10aMolecular dating10avicariance10aWest Gondwana1 aLuebert, Federico1 aCouvreur, Thomas, L. P.1 aGottschling, Marc1 aHilger, Hartmut, H.1 aMiller, James, S.1 aWeigend, M. uhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jbi.12841/abstract03131nas a2200253 4500008004100000245014200041210006900183490000700252520235900259653001202618653001102630653001902641653003202660653001202692653001102704653001302715653001902728653001402747100001602761700002002777700001902797700001402816856004702830 2009 eng d00aOrigin of Mediterranean insular endemics in the Boraginales: integrative evidence from molecular dating and ancestral area reconstruction0 aOrigin of Mediterranean insular endemics in the Boraginales inte0 v363 a

Aim The presence of numerous reliable fossils and the occurrence of many
endemic island species make the Boraginales particularly suitable for integrative
biogeographical studies. In this paper we aim to elucidate the time frame
and events associated with the origin of selected borages endemic to the
Mediterranean climate zone. More specifically, we describe and examine the
alternative palaeo- and neoendemic hypotheses for their origin.
Location Corsica and Sardinia (continental fragment islands) and the Canary
Islands (an oceanic island archipelago).
Methods Eighty-nine accessions, representing 30 genera from five families
ascribed to the Boraginales, were examined for six chloroplast DNA regions. We
used an integrative approach including phylogenetic analyses (MrBayes),
Bayesian molecular dating (T3 package) with four fossil constraints on nodes,
and biogeographical reconstructions (diva) to elucidate the temporal and spatial
origins of the Corso-Sardinian and Canary Island endemics.
Results Species of Echium endemic to the Canary Islands diverged from their
continental sister clade during the Miocene (15.3 ± 5.4 Ma), probably after the
rise of the oldest islands (c. 20 Ma). Corso-Sardinian endemics of Borago
diverged from their primarily North African sister clade during the late
Miocene-Pliocene (c. 6.9 ± 3.6 Ma), well after the initial fragmentation of the
islands (c. 30 Ma). Similarly, Corso-Sardinian endemics of Anchusa diverged
from the South African Anchusa capensis during the Pliocene–Pleistocene (c. 2.7 ± 2.1 Ma).

Main conclusions The present study reveals an Anatolian origin for Anchusa,
Borago and Echium and underlines the importance of the Eastern Mediterranean
region as a possible reservoir for plant evolution in the Mediterranean Basin. For
Anchusa and Borago, the divergence from their respective sister clades on the two
types of islands post-dated the formation of the islands, thus supporting the neo-
endemic hypothesis, whereas the dating results for the origin of Echium endemics
were less conclusive.
 



 

10aAnchusa10aBorago10aCanary Islands10acontinental fragment island10aCorsica10aEchium10aendemism10aoceanic island10aSardinia.1 aMansion, G.1 aSelvi, Federico1 aGuggisberg, A.1 aConti, E. uhttps://boraginales.myspecies.info/node/36